Demand-Side Platforms (DSPs) are tools used by advertisers to manage and optimize their ad campaigns, enabling them to purchase ad placements in real-time across various digital channels. By leveraging DSPs, advertisers can target specific audiences as they browse websites, ensuring that ads reach the right people at the right time. Typically managed by in-house marketing teams, advertising agencies, or agency trading desks specializing in real-time advertising, DSPs provide valuable insights into ad impressions and conversions, allowing advertisers to optimize their digital advertising budgets for maximum effectiveness. DSPs are often part of a broader advertiser campaign management suite that covers multiple channels, including display, mobile, social, search, and video advertising. To facilitate real-time ad purchases, DSPs integrate with ad exchanges, which serve as digital marketplaces for ad inventory. In parallel, Supply-Side Platforms (SSPs) enable publishers to sell their ad inventory in these exchanges. Some DSPs also have direct integrations with SSPs to enable seamless, direct ad buys.